Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner alone as treatment for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs

Artículo de investigaciónSarcoptic mange is a pruritic, contagious, ectoparasitic skin disease that affects mammals, including the domestic dog. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra) and afoxolaner alone (NexGard) as treatments for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs. A total of 142 dogs naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei was evaluated. The dogs were diagnosed by microscopic examinations of skin scrapings. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: 96 dogs were treated with a combined dosage of 2.50 to 5.36 mg/kg body weight (BW) of afoxolaner and 0.50 to 1.07 mg/kg BW of milbemycin oxime and 46 dogs were treated with 2.50 mg/kg BW of afoxolaner alone. The presence or absence of pruritus and lesions were evaluated using an analogous scale on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 after receiving the treatment. Data obtained were analyzed by Student’s t-test (P # 0.05). The single oral treatment of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime resulted in a significant reduction in pruritus of 87.4% at 28 d after treatment (P # 0.05). Resolution of the lesions after treatment was variable, with a significant decrease (P # 0.05) observed within the first 14 d, although this parameter continued to improve until the end of the study on day 28, when a decrease of 96% was observed. By the end of the study, a single dose of either the afoxolaner alone or the afoxolaner combined with milbemycin oxime was effective in significantly reducing the signs associated with sarcoptic mange during a 56-day evaluation period

Diseño de primers para la identificación molecular de astrovirus en conejos

En los anexos se encuentran las secuencias de genómas completos de astrovirus reportados mundialmente por especieLa economía de la cunicultura se ve afectada por diversos agentes patógenos que ocasionan a los animales enfermedades y muerte. Sin embargo son escasos los estudios que existen sobre esta especie. De las patologías con más incidencia son aquellas donde los conejos presentan signología entérica como los son: diarrea, distención abdominal e impactación cecal, ocupando Astrovirus el tercer lugar en las causas de gastroenteritis de origen vírico. El diagnóstico molecular es una prueba que logra la identificación de Astrovirus, de manera específica ya que se basa en la extracción del material genético del virus sin que hibride en otro sitio o con cualquier otro agente patógeno. Para lograr el diagnóstico exitoso por PCR, es necesario que el diseño de los primers o cebadores para amplificar las regiones diana sean sumamente específicos, considerándose lo más relevante de la técnica. En el presente trabajo por medio de técnicas de Bioinformática se diseñaron siete pares de primers para la amplificación de la región ORF1a, ORF1b y ORF2 que comprenden el genoma completo de Astrovirus en conejos que mide 6678 nucleótidos, se comprobó su especificidad obteniendo un 100% al no hibridar con: 9,986 secuencias reportadas para el genoma de conejo,1,295,078 secuencias para protozoarios, 439,488 secuencias para virus RNA cadena sencilla y 1,100,087 secuencias para bacterias, confrontando con un total de 2,844,639 de secuencias a nivel mundial

Multicausalidad del síndrome entérico en conejos de México

Enteropathies in rabbits are difficult to diagnose; their etiology involves pathogens that act synergistically, causing damage to the intestine. The aim of the present study was isolate enteric pathogens from rabbits in Mexico. Using parasitological, bacteriological and molecular analyses, we screened 58 samples of the intestinal content of rabbits having a clinical history of enteric disease from the southeastern part of the State of Mexico. Out of the 58 samples analyzed, a total of 86 identifications were made, Eimeria spp. were found in 77.5%, followed by Aeromonas spp. in 15.5% and Escherichia coli in 8.6%, which were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the presence of the following agents was also confirmed: Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Mannheimia spp. and Rotavirus. The concurrent presence of Eimeria spp. with Aeromonas was frequent (15.5%); there was statistical significance for the presence of an association between the clinical profiles and Eimeria spp. (p = 0.000), Mannheimia spp. (p = 0.001), Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (p = 0.006).UAEM Becaria CONACy

Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma spp., and Trichuris spp. Contamination in Public Parks in Mexico

Background : Zoonotic parasitoses are a public health problem because they are distributed worldwide. Soil contamina- tion with dog faeces is an important worldwide problem because it facilitates the transmission of zoonotic parasites. It has been reported in different studies that soil contamination by parasites represents a risk factor for the population (mainly children) to acquire parasitic diseases caused by Dipylidium caninum , Ancylostoma spp., and Trichuris spp. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to analyse soil samples collected from fi ve public parks in the city of Nezahualcoyotl, Mexico for the presence of canine soil-transmitted parasites. Materials, Methods & Results : A total of 1726 soil samples were obtained from fi ve public parks in Nezahualcoyotl County, Mexico and analysed for Dipylidium caninum , Ancylostoma spp., and Trichuris spp. eggs. Sampling was carried out in summer 2009 with the permission of the Parks and Public Gardens Nezahualcoyotl Offi ce. Samples were evaluated using a fl otation method, using microscopic observation for egg identifi cation. The data were analysed with the Kruskal- Wallis test and average mean percentages of contamination between the parks means were compared using the Nemenyi test. There were differences in the degree of contamination among the parks, but the soil characteristics were not correlated with the presence of parasite eggs. Contamination with Dipylidium caninum and Trichuris spp. were positively correlated (r = 0.32, P < 0.0001). Overall, there was a substantial frequency of Ancylostoma spp. (23.7%) and Dipylidium caninum (21.7%), with minor presence of Trichuris spp. (15.3%) in the parks. Discussion : Several studies have shown that the close relationship between resulting from the human-animal bond provides benefi ts for socialisation, mental health, and even physical well-being. However, owning a pet also allows potential health risks for the human population. Incidence studies of parasites in the soil of public parks provide greater insight regarding their zoonotic potential, and revealed that the soil of public parks is a source of infection and transmission of parasitic diseases. The reports on soil parasites contamination vary depending on where in the in the world were conducted. Studies in Brazil and Argentina had twice the levels of contamination for Ancylostoma spp. eggs andlower levels of D. caninum . However, the degree of contamination for Trichuris spp. in this report was higher than that observed in public parks in other countries (Croatia, Nigeria, and Brazil). These studies indicate that the risk of acquiring a zoonotic parasitic infec- tion is extremely high, since the soil is highly contaminated with infectious eggs of parasites. The study of the prevalence of parasites in dogs and understanding of the life cycle, epidemiology, and risk factors involved require the establishment of prevention programs for public health reason. Therefore, it is important to implement measures for the collection of excreta in public parks and promote dog deworming programs and hygiene measures to prevent infection in paratenic hosts. The results of this research revealed that the soil of public parks were a source of parasitic zoonoses, because dogs play an important role in the contamination of soils by excreting intestinal parasites through their faeces, constituting a public health problem

Presence of Toxocara spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico

Background: Toxocara spp. is a gastrointestinal nematode with cosmopolitan distribution and is the most common parasite in domestic cats, which can deposit fertilized eggs in the environment with feces. Egg maturation starts in the soil, concluding two to three weeks after cat defecation, but eggs can remain viable in the soil for years and spread onto vegetables and into water. Infection of cats and paratenic hosts (among them humans) occurs through ingestion of infected eggs from the environment, through ingestion of paratenic hosts and, in puppies, through milk from infected mothers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats. Materials Methods & Results: In this study, 229 fecal samples from domestic cats were collected in the state of Mexico, Mexico. All of cats had an owner, and fresh feline feces were collected in previously labeled sterile bottles. Coproparasitological examinations were performed on these samples using a flotation technique with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Toxocara spp. eggs were identified under the microscope, in accordance with the morphological descriptions. The data were analyzed by means of Fishers exact test in order to compare the presence of Toxocara eggs according to cat age and sex. The chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the risk factors. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was identified in 42% (96/229) of the cats, of which 23% were males and 19% females. We did find an association between cats under the age of six months (P = 0.01) and the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, and therefore age was determined to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces, cats over one year old showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.02) with the presence of parasite eggs in feces. The presence of Toxocara spp. was found to be a risk factor (OR = 1.57) among male cats aged less than 6 months, while among female cats a statistically significant association was found (P = 0.03) for the presence of Toxocara spp. Meanwhile, comparing positive cats of both sexes with age, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was found regarding cats over one year old. Discussion: It were identified Toxocara spp. eggs in 42% of the feces of domestic cats from the state of Mexico. These results are similar to those reported by other studies in Mexico City, they also reported that there was a larger number of infected cats under one year of age and that males had higher infection rates. Comparison of both sexes with age showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.01) between cats under six months old and the presence of Toxocara eggs in feces. This age was also considered to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for parasite eggs in feces, during the first months of life, the larvae migrate and finish their cycle, but when the cat has reached its mature stage, the larvae may become entrenched and avoid finishing their life cycle. Male sex was identified as a risk factor for the presence of Toxocara spp. The prevalence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats in the state of Mexico is high, and represents a potential risk of human toxocariasis. From the results found, it can be considered that cats are a major source of dissemination of environmental pollution and Toxocara spp

Repercusiones de la Crisis COVID-19 en el estado emocional, género, enseñanza remota y la transición a clases presenciales en profesores de nivel superior en universidades públicas:

During the COVID-19 crisis, the Mexican government decided to suspend face-to-face classes at universities, as a preventive measure to reduce the probability of contagion. The confinement has had important psychosocial effects on the lives of teachers, who have also had challenges during remote work, since they are the commissioners of the teaching and learning process of the students. In addition, the gradual return to face-to-face classes meant one more challenge for teachers for their work dynamics, which was a trigger in the emotional field, causing feelings such as anxiety, stress and uncertainty, which in some cases affected their work performance. Under this scenario, the objective of this study was to analyze factors present in the school dynamics of the professors of the UAEM Amecameca University Center because of the health emergency caused by COVID-19.En México se tomó la decisión de suspender las clases presenciales en las universidades, como medida preventiva para disminuir la probabilidad de que los estudiantes y profesores contrajeran el virus del COVID-19. El confinamiento ha tenido efectos psicosociales importantes en la vida de los profesores, que también han tenido desafíos y retos durante el trabajo remoto, ya que, son los comisionados del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los estudiantes, además, el regreso de manera gradual a clases presenciales significó para profesores un desafió más para su dinámica de trabajo lo que fue un detonante en ámbito emocional causando sentimientos como la ansiedad, estrés e incertidumbre, lo en algunos casos afectó en su desempeño laboral. Bajo ese panorama, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar factores presentes en las dinámicas escolares de los profesores del Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca como consecuencia de la emergencia sanitaria causada por el COVID-19

Ocurrence of Toxocara canis in Students of Veterinary and Graphic Design in a Mexican University

Background: Human toxocariosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by larval forms of the genus Toxocara. The eggs hatch after being ingested, penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate via the blood stream through to the liver, hence spread to other organs. Erratic larval migration by the different soft tissues in humans, generates four syndromes, Visceral Larva Migrans, Ocular Larva Migrans, neurotoxocariosis and covert toxocariosis. A seroprevalence study of Toxocara canis among students from Veterinary Medicine and Graphic Design in Mexico City was conducted, as the Veterinary student has regular contact with animals was compared with students who have no contact with animals in their study program. Materials, Methods & Results: In both groups of students blood samples were collected and centrifuged to obtain the serum was evaluated by Toxocara serology ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). All participants completed a questionnaire supplying personal data and specifics regarding dog ownership and hygiene practices. Serology data and results from the questionnaire were analyzed using the Fisher´s exact test, Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) test. The frequency of Toxocara infection tended to be greater (P = 0.11) in veterinary students than in those from graphic design (13 % and 7.0 % respectively). Some of the risk factors that were considered were: do not wash your hands after eating, frequent contact with dogs, has dog at home, eating on the street and dewormed your dog, neither factor was associated nor were risk factors for Toxocara antibodies present. Discussion: The fact that almost twice as many veterinary students were seropositive indicates a higher risk of Toxocara canis infection in those individuals, which may be due to veterinary students having greater contact with sources of infection (animals, feces, soil, hair, and farms), regardless of the ownership of dogs. In a study in Canada researchers found no differences among veterinarians and other professionals in anti-Toxocara antibodies, finding similar values (8.8% and 9.6% respectively) in both, and also found no association between dog ownership and anti-Toxocara antibodies a study in Austria found that veterinarians were the second occupational groups that had more antibodies (27%) compared to the control group (2%) and the main source of infection was identified as cats and dogs. Many studies have shown that risk factors are very important in the epidemiology of toxocariosis, primarily the presence of dogs and cats living together with people. It has been reported higher infection in individuals who were in contact with dogs. In several cities of Mexico, highest percentages of dogs infested with Toxocara were reported, with a mean of 35.5% and a range from 19.0 to 63.36%. It has been reported up to 100% of stray puppies can be contaminated with Toxocara in samples collected from dorsal and perianal hair which constitutes a great potential of infection considered that 94% of the Toxocara eggs were embrionated. Other studies show less contamination of hair with eggs of T. canis (40.9%) but still shows the importance as a potential source of infection for humans. Eating in the street or poor hygiene before eating were not factors related to the disease. Although no association was found with the lack hand washing and Toxocara, other researchers have identified this problem as a risk factor associated with Toxocara. It can be assumed that depending on the degree of contamination by Toxocara exposed to each individual, the hygiene practices may have different impact on the presence of the parasite. The results indicate that veterinary students are more prone to infection with Toxocara

Zoonosis, cambio climático y sociedad

La sociedad contemporánea se enfrenta a uno de los retos más grandes de la historia humana, el calentamiento global, mismo que acarrea enormes consecuencias, tales como los disturbios climáticos, así como los patrones de las enfermedades de origen animal transmisibles al hombre. Precisamente ante este escenario las instituciones educativas de nivel superior deben dar cumplimiento a su responsabilidad y ser las generadoras de alternativas de solución mediante el trabajo especializado de investigación; y para ello, la pesquisa científica es la mejor de las alternativas a nuestro alcance para comprender y encarar estos desafíos.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México y Ediciones y Gráficos Eón, S.A. de C.V

Actualidad y prospectiva de la investigación científica en el Centro Universitario Amecameca de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Con responsabilidad, se organizó un programa cuya finalidad fuera publicitar con transparencia dichos avances, a través de un esfuerzo de rendición de cuentas a la comunidad inmediata, la universitaria, y a la comunidad abierta, la sociedad que la principal referencia para tal efecto. El programa se concretiza a través del presente libro, conformado con una inspiración de investigación multidisciplinaria; sin embargo, para llegar a tal fin, el reto es realizar el proceso de búsqueda y generación de conocimiento transitando hacia la colaboración de los cuerpos académicos, que puedan construir nuevos conocimientos fortalecidos por la convergencia de diferentes campos del saber. En consecuencia, la primera etapa de esta estrategia es la publicidad de los trabajos investigativos ejercidos, para hacer un balance al día, pero también proyectar el futuro de cada campo y área del conocimiento. La organización explicativa está organizada por tres bloques representativos del quehacer en la generación de conocimiento del Centro Universitario, un primer bloque centra el interés en las humanidades, educación y sustentabilidad; el segundo bloque lo integra la reflexión científica sobre la construcción democrática, derechos humanos y equidad de género; en el tercer segmento se destina a la seguridad alimentaria, salud pública y sistemas agropecuarios. La actualidad de la investigación eleva la producción lograda y lo que en el momento se encuentra en construcción y los alcances que produce para la docencia, la investigación misma, y para la sociedad en general. La prospectiva es un área que todos los capítulos desarrollan con el propósito de delinear los alcances innovadores por andar en teoría, metodología e incluso en los saberes mismo

Multicausal etiology of the enteric syndrome in rabbits from Mexico

Enteropathies in rabbits are difficult to diagnose; their etiology involves pathogens that act synergistically, causing damage to the intestine. The aim of the present study was isolate enteric pathogens from rabbits in Mexico. Using parasitological, bacteriological and molecular analyses, we screened 58 samples of the intestinal content of rabbits having a clinical history of enteric disease from the southeastern part of the State of Mexico. Out of the 58 samples analyzed, a total of 86 identifications were made, Eimeria spp. were found in 77.5%, followed by Aeromonas spp. in 15.5% and Escherichia coli in 8.6%, which were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the presence of the following agents was also confirmed: Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Mannheimia spp. and Rotavirus. The concurrent presence of Eimeria spp. with Aeromonas was frequent (15.5%); there was statistical significance for the presence of an association between the clinical profiles and Eimeria spp. (p = 0.000), Mannheimia spp. (p = 0.001), Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (p = 0.006).UAEM Becaria CONACy